API 5L Line Pipe: PSL1 vs PSL2 Explained
API 5L pipe comes in two product specification levels. PSL2 adds toughness testing, tighter chemistry and more control, and many projects require it by default.
Environment
Onshore
Pump Suction and Discharge Piping: Layout Basics That Prevent Trouble
Most pump problems that look mechanical start in the piping. A short, smooth suction and a well-supported discharge make the pump's life much easier.
Slug Flow Loads on Piping: Why Two-Phase Lines Move
In two-phase lines, slugs of liquid travel at gas velocity and hit every bend. The resulting forces can shake a line off its supports if they aren't designed in.
NDT Methods for Piping Welds: VT, PT, MT, RT and UT
Each examination method finds different defects. Knowing what each can and can't see helps you read an inspection plan and choose the right test.
Flare Header Routing: Onshore Plant vs Offshore Platform
Flare headers collect relief from the whole facility. They must drain liquid, handle extreme temperatures and avoid vibration, and the layout challenges differ between a plant and a platform.
Valve Types at a Glance: Gate, Globe, Ball, Check, Butterfly and Plug
Each valve type is good at one job and poor at others. A one-page guide to what each is for, how it is shown on a P&ID, and where it is used.
Corrosion Allowance: How It Is Chosen and What It Doesn’t Protect Against
Corrosion allowance is the extra wall added for metal loss over the plant's life. It works well for uniform corrosion and very poorly for almost everything else.
Nozzle Loads on Pumps and Compressors: Keeping Rotating Equipment Happy
Rotating equipment is sensitive to the forces piping puts on it. Allowable nozzle loads are small, and meeting them shapes the whole layout around a pump or compressor.
Post-Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT): When and Why
PWHT relaxes residual stress and tempers hard weld zones. Sometimes the code requires it because of thickness; sometimes the service does.
Open and Closed Drains: Onshore Sewers vs Offshore Drain Systems
Drains look simple, but mixing the wrong fluids or creating a gas path through a drain can cause serious incidents. Here is how onshore and offshore facilities separate them.