Disclaimer

The content on Piping Desk, including articles, tables and calculation tools, is provided for general educational purposes only.

• It is not engineering advice for any specific project, and it is not a substitute for the applicable codes, standards and project specifications, or for the judgement of a qualified engineer.
• Codes and standards are revised regularly. Clause numbers and values quoted here refer to editions current at the time of writing and may have changed. Always check the edition that applies to your project.
• The reference tools use published values and equations, but results must be verified before being used for design, procurement or construction.
• Views expressed are the author’s own and do not represent any employer, client or organisation.

Piping Desk accepts no liability for any loss or damage arising from the use of this content.