Thermal Expansion on a Long Rack Run: Loops or Expansion Joints?
A hot hydrocarbon line across a refinery unit grows by hundreds of millimetres. Here is how the growth is calculated and why loops usually beat expansion joints.
Environment
Onshore
Slug Flow Loads on Piping: Why Two-Phase Lines Move
In two-phase lines, slugs of liquid travel at gas velocity and hit every bend. The resulting forces can shake a line off its supports if they aren't designed in.
Flare Header Routing: Onshore Plant vs Offshore Platform
Flare headers collect relief from the whole facility. They must drain liquid, handle extreme temperatures and avoid vibration, and the layout challenges differ between a plant and a platform.