Seawater Piping: Copper-Nickel, Super Duplex or GRE?
Seawater systems are among the most corrosion-prone on any facility. Three materials dominate the choice, each with its own limits on velocity, temperature and fire.
Author
Nkumar
Which Lines Need Formal Stress Analysis? Building a Critical Line List
You can't run a computer model of every line. A critical line list sorts the system so the stress team spends its time where failures actually happen.
Spool Fabrication: From Isometric to Shipped Spool
Most piping is built in a shop as spools and welded together on site. Here is the journey of a spool, and where things usually go wrong.
One Pump Suction, Two Environments: Refinery vs FPSO
The same process duty, a pump drawing from a separator, is laid out very differently on a refinery plot and on an FPSO deck. Here is how and why.
Flange Pressure Classes Explained: ASME B16.5 Ratings
A Class 150 flange is not rated for 150 bar or even 150 psi at every temperature. Here is how pressure classes, material groups and temperature combine.
Piping Material Specifications and Line Classes: How a Spec Is Built
Every line on a P&ID points to a piping class. Here is what sits inside that class and how to read one without getting lost.
Piping Isometrics: What Every Line on the Drawing Means
An isometric is the drawing a fabricator builds from and an inspector signs off. Here is how to read one: coordinates, welds, spools, supports and the material list.
Carbon Steel Pipe Grades: A106 B, API 5L and A333 for Low Temperature
Most process piping is carbon steel, but not all carbon steel pipe is the same. Here is how the common grades differ and how to match pipe, fittings and flanges.
Pipe Support Types: Rest, Guide, Line Stop, Anchor and Spring
Supports do more than carry weight. Each type allows some movements and stops others, and choosing the right one is half of stress analysis.
WPS, PQR and Welder Qualification: How ASME Section IX Works
Three documents stand behind every weld: the procedure, the proof that it works, and the proof that the welder can do it. Here is how they fit together.